Relationship Between Physical Literacy And Fundamental Locomotor Movement Skills Among Elementary Students By Gender
Keywords:
Physical literacy, Fundamental Movement Skills, Locomotor, Elementary School, GenderAbstract
Physical literacy (PL) is important for developing children’s physical competence, confidence, motivation, and engagement in physical activity, while locomotor fundamental movement skills (FMS) provide a foundation for participation in more complex activities. However, evidence on whether the association between PL and locomotor FMS differs across public and private schools and gender groups remains limited in Indonesia. This study examined the association between PL and locomotor FMS among 81 fourth-grade students in Parongpong, Indonesia, comprising 33 public-school boys, 29 public-school girls, 11 private-school boys, and 8 private-school girls. Using the PL-C Quest and TGMD-2, significant positive associations were found among public-school boys (r = 0.500, p = 0.003), public-school girls (r = 0.490, p = 0.007), and private-school boys (r = 0.612, p = 0.045). A positive but non-significant association was found among private-school girls (r = 0.525, p = 0.182). Overall, higher PL was associated with better locomotor FMS proficiency. Physical education can integrate PL through activities that simultaneously develop movement competence, confidence, motivation, and knowledge.
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Moncanis, H., de Müllenheim, P. Y., & Hauw, N. (2025). Comparing physical literacy scores by sex and movement behaviours across physical literacy profiles in French elementary school students. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/j8tkv_v1
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Peranita, N., Semarayasa, I. K., & Muliarta, I. W. (2025). The Implementation of Physical Literacy in Physical Education Learning to Support Lifelong Active Lifestyle. Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport, 12(2), 645-653.
Purnomo, A., Kusmaedi, N., Ma'mun, A., & Paramitha, S. T. (2025). The Role of Physical Literacy in Supporting Physical Fitness Levels: A Holistic Approach to Student Development in Physical Education. ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, 14(3), 872-878.
Rahmadona, W., Putri, W., & Lubay, L. H. (2024). Comparison of physical activity levels by sex in public elementary schools and private elementary schools. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(5). DOI: 10.59141/jist.v5i5.1080
Rao, S. (2024). The Influence of School Environment on Physical Activity Levels of Students. 1(2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.36676/iss.v1.i2.11
Ridha, S., Warni, H., & Arifin, S. (2025). Physical literacy in Indonesian school physical education: a systematic review of concepts, assessment, and implementation. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 6(3), 285-301.
Rusmitaningsih, F. N., Ma'mun, A., Juliantine, T., & PJKR, S. (2026). When Technology Matters Most: Fitness-App-Integrated Problem-Based Learning as Compensatory Scaffolding for Physical Literacy Among Low-Grit Students. F1000Research, 15, 281.
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Shearer, C., Goss, H. R., Boddy, L. M., Knowles, Z. R., Durden-Myers, E. J., & Foweather, L. (2021). Assessments related to the physical, affective and cognitive domains of physical literacy amongst children aged 7–11.9 years: a systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 7(1), 37.
Stoddart, A. L., Humbert, M. L., Kerpan, S., Cameron, N., & Kriellaars, D. (2023). PLitPE: an intervention for physical literacy enriched pedagogy in Canadian elementary school physical education classes. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 28(6), 675-691.
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (Edisi ke-2, Cetakan ke-4). Alfabeta.
Suherman, A. (2016). Pengaruh penerapan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw dan tgt (teams game tournament) terhadap keterampilan sosial dan keterampilan bermain bolavoli. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 1(2), 8-15.
Suherman, A., Suherman, A., Juliantine, T., & Mahendra, A. (2021). Thematic Learning Based On Physical Literacy for Early Children. Juara, 6(2), 318-331.
Usher, W., Keegan, R., & Edwards, A. (2016). Taking the ‘physical’out of physical education. Cogent Education, 3(1), 1181025.
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1 Suppl.), S65–S71. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Warner, M., Robinson, J., Heal, B., Lloyd, J., Mandigo, J., Lennox, B., & Huyer, L. D. (2021). Increasing Physical Literacy in Youth: A Two-Week Sport for Development Program for Children Aged 6-10. Prospects, 50(1), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11125-020-09519-5
Whitehead, M. (2019). Physical Literacy Across the World. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203702697
Wilhite, B. C., Chui, K., Sacheck, J. M., Hatfield, D. P., Morris, M., Ziembowicz, M., ... & Hennessy, E. (2025). Getting an Active Start: Assessing the Impact of a Physical Literacy-Based Intervention on Preschool-Aged Children’s Fundamental Movement Skills, Motor Competency and Behavioral Self-Regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(12), 1861.
Willie, M. M. (2022). Differentiating between population and target population in research studies. International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, 2(6), 521-523.
Ying, Y., Jiabin, L., Shanshan, Z., Kaixin, Y., Xiaomei, L., Shengyu, W., & Xian, L. (2025). The relationship between physical literacy and physical activity: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well?Being, 17(4), e70062.
Zhang, X., Tang, C., Geng, M., Li, K., Liu, C., & Cai, Y. (2025). The effects of active play interventions on children’s fundamental movement skills: A systematic review. BMC pediatrics, 25(1), 40.
Bakhtiar. (2014). Fundamental Motor Skill among 6-Year-Old Children in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Social Science, 10(5). DOI: 10.5539/ASS.V10N5P155
Bailey, R., Glibo, I., Koenen, K., & Samsudin, N. (2023). What Is Physical Literacy? An International Review and Analysis of Definitions. Kinesiology Review, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2023-0003
Barnett, L. M., Jerebine, A., Keegan, R., Watson-Mackie, K., Arundell, L., Ridgers, N. D., ... & Dudley, D. (2023). Validity, reliability, and feasibility of physical literacy assessments designed for school children: a systematic review. Sports Medicine, 53(10), 1905-1929.
Bikalawan, S. S., Ardha, M. A. A., Indahwati, N., Wijaya, A., Ardha, M. A. A., Ridwan, M., & Yang, C. B. (2024). Flash Card Learning Media in Physical Education Improves Students’ Locomotor Movement Skills. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias En Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, 57, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105460
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S., & Burns, C. (2018). Age and sex differences in fundamental movement skills among a cohort of Irish school children. Journal of motor learning and development, 6(1), 81-100.
Brown, D. M. Y., Dudley, D. A., & Cairney, J. (2020). Physical literacy profiles are associated with differences in children’s physical activity participation: A latent profile analysis approach. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(11), 1062–1067. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.05.007
Butler, L. S., Gupta, A., DeVerna, A., Moore, J. G., Latz, K., Davelaar, C. M. F., ... & Sugimoto, D. (2022). Physical literacy in elementary physical education: A survey of fundamental movement skill practice patterns. Pediatric physical therapy, 34(1), 56-61.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.
Eddy, L. H., Bingham, D. D., Crossley, K. L., Shahid, N. F., Ellingham-Khan, M., Otteslev, A., Figueredo, N. S., Mon-Williams, M., & Hill, L. J. B. (2020). The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15(8), e0237919. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237919
Edwards, L. C., Bryant, A. S., Keegan, R. J., Morgan, K., Cooper, S. M., & Jones, A. M. (2018). ‘Measuring’physical literacy and related constructs: a systematic review of empirical findings. Sports Medicine, 48(3), 659-682.
Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
Firdaus, K., Hartoto, S., Hariyanto, A., Subagya, I., & Nikmatullaili, M. DT, & Zulbahri.(2023). Evaluation of several factors that affect the learning outcomes of Physical Education. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(1), 27-36.
Friskawati, G. F., Ma’mun, A., & Mahendra, A. (2023). Early childhood educators' beliefs on increasing fundamental motor skills by playing games in a physical education context: The contradictory belief. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 4(3), 243-255.
Friskawati, G. F., Ma'mun, A., & Mahendra, A. (2023). A consideration of physical literacy for sports policy in Indonesia. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. DOI: 10.1080/27690148.2023.2265345
Gnophanxay, C., Purakom, A., Sookhanaphibarn, T., & Wulandari, J. D. (2026). How Fundamental Movement Skills Enhance Physical Literacy? Literature Review with Digital Approach. Journal of Fundamental Movement Skills, 1(1), 21-35.
Harliawan, M., Temmassonge, A., & Ilahi, R. (2024). Implementasi fundamental movement skills (FMS) pada anak sekolah dasar. Cokroaminoto Journal of Primary Education, 7(1), 39–47. DOI: 10.30605/cjpe.7.1.2024.3663
Hulteen, R. M., Lubans, D. R., Rhodes, R. E., Faulkner, G., Liu, Y., Naylor, P. J., ... & Beauchamp, M. R. (2023). Evaluation of the peer leadership for physical literacy intervention: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Plos one, 18(2), e0280261.
Jarvis, S. P. (2016). Physical literacy and south east Wales primary school children: The role of fundamental movement skills. University of South Wales (United Kingdom).
Juniar, D. T., Suherman, A., Tarigan, B., & Mahendra, A. (2023). Effects of Project-Based Learning Model and Cooperative Learning Model in Improving Student Social Skills in Physical Education. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 8(1), 49-57.
Lawson, C., Eyre, E. L. J., Tallis, J., & Duncan, M. J. (2021). Fundamental movement skill proficiency among British primary school children: Analysis at a behavioral component level. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 128(2), 625–648. DOI: 10.1177/0031512521990330
Liu, D., Huang, Z., Liu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2024). The role of fundamental movement skills on children's physical activity during different segments of the school day. BMC Public Health, 24(1), Article 1283. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18769-3
Logan, S. W., Ross, S. M., Chee, K., Stodden, D. F., & Robinson, L. E. (2018). Fundamental motor skills: A systematic review of terminology. Journal of sports sciences, 36(7), 781-796.
Lubay, L. H., Fahri, A. S., Nugroho, W. A., Akin, Y., Sumarno, G., Gumilang, E. S., & Mukhlisin, M. (2025). Validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner literasi fisik pada anak (PLC-Quest) di kalangan siswa sekolah dasar Indonesia. Journal of SPORT (Sport, Physical Education, Organization, Recreation, and Training).
Mangolo, E. W., Widyanto, Z., Widyanuri, N., Herma Wardani, A., & Yusuf Rumpaidus, G. (2025). Pelatihan Literasi Gerak Dasar untuk Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Indonesia (JPKMI), 5(2), 273-279.
Moncanis, H., de Müllenheim, P. Y., & Hauw, N. (2025). Comparing physical literacy scores by sex and movement behaviours across physical literacy profiles in French elementary school students. DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/j8tkv_v1
Musampa, R. (2022). Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Gerak Lokomotor melalui Alat Bantu Pembelajaran Sederhana. Kalam Cendekia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 10(2), 246-251.
Peranita, N., Semarayasa, I. K., & Muliarta, I. W. (2025). The Implementation of Physical Literacy in Physical Education Learning to Support Lifelong Active Lifestyle. Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport, 12(2), 645-653.
Purnomo, A., Kusmaedi, N., Ma'mun, A., & Paramitha, S. T. (2025). The Role of Physical Literacy in Supporting Physical Fitness Levels: A Holistic Approach to Student Development in Physical Education. ACTIVE: Journal of Physical Education, Sport, Health and Recreation, 14(3), 872-878.
Rahmadona, W., Putri, W., & Lubay, L. H. (2024). Comparison of physical activity levels by sex in public elementary schools and private elementary schools. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi, 5(5). DOI: 10.59141/jist.v5i5.1080
Rao, S. (2024). The Influence of School Environment on Physical Activity Levels of Students. 1(2), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.36676/iss.v1.i2.11
Ridha, S., Warni, H., & Arifin, S. (2025). Physical literacy in Indonesian school physical education: a systematic review of concepts, assessment, and implementation. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 6(3), 285-301.
Rusmitaningsih, F. N., Ma'mun, A., Juliantine, T., & PJKR, S. (2026). When Technology Matters Most: Fitness-App-Integrated Problem-Based Learning as Compensatory Scaffolding for Physical Literacy Among Low-Grit Students. F1000Research, 15, 281.
Rzavská, D., Masaryková, D., & Antala, B. (2022). Sustainable development of basic motor competencies related to socioeconomic status of primary school children. Sustainability, 14(22), 15175. DOI: 10.3390/su142215175
Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261–264. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.182410
Shearer, C., Goss, H. R., Boddy, L. M., Knowles, Z. R., Durden-Myers, E. J., & Foweather, L. (2021). Assessments related to the physical, affective and cognitive domains of physical literacy amongst children aged 7–11.9 years: a systematic review. Sports Medicine-Open, 7(1), 37.
Stoddart, A. L., Humbert, M. L., Kerpan, S., Cameron, N., & Kriellaars, D. (2023). PLitPE: an intervention for physical literacy enriched pedagogy in Canadian elementary school physical education classes. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 28(6), 675-691.
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D (Edisi ke-2, Cetakan ke-4). Alfabeta.
Suherman, A. (2016). Pengaruh penerapan model kooperatif tipe jigsaw dan tgt (teams game tournament) terhadap keterampilan sosial dan keterampilan bermain bolavoli. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 1(2), 8-15.
Suherman, A., Suherman, A., Juliantine, T., & Mahendra, A. (2021). Thematic Learning Based On Physical Literacy for Early Children. Juara, 6(2), 318-331.
Usher, W., Keegan, R., & Edwards, A. (2016). Taking the ‘physical’out of physical education. Cogent Education, 3(1), 1181025.
Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1 Suppl.), S65–S71. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
Warner, M., Robinson, J., Heal, B., Lloyd, J., Mandigo, J., Lennox, B., & Huyer, L. D. (2021). Increasing Physical Literacy in Youth: A Two-Week Sport for Development Program for Children Aged 6-10. Prospects, 50(1), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11125-020-09519-5
Whitehead, M. (2019). Physical Literacy Across the World. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203702697
Wilhite, B. C., Chui, K., Sacheck, J. M., Hatfield, D. P., Morris, M., Ziembowicz, M., ... & Hennessy, E. (2025). Getting an Active Start: Assessing the Impact of a Physical Literacy-Based Intervention on Preschool-Aged Children’s Fundamental Movement Skills, Motor Competency and Behavioral Self-Regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(12), 1861.
Willie, M. M. (2022). Differentiating between population and target population in research studies. International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, 2(6), 521-523.
Ying, Y., Jiabin, L., Shanshan, Z., Kaixin, Y., Xiaomei, L., Shengyu, W., & Xian, L. (2025). The relationship between physical literacy and physical activity: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well?Being, 17(4), e70062.
Zhang, X., Tang, C., Geng, M., Li, K., Liu, C., & Cai, Y. (2025). The effects of active play interventions on children’s fundamental movement skills: A systematic review. BMC pediatrics, 25(1), 40.
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