Keterlibatan Orang Tua dalam Pengembangan Prestasi Atlet Karate Usia Muda: Studi Grounded Theory
Keywords:
Parental Involvement, Youth Karate, Grounded Theory, Risk Perception, Athlete Development
Abstract
The role of parents in the development of young karate athletes' achievements is a crucial aspect of sports development. This study aims to explore the characteristics of parents who support their children's participation in karate, a sport often perceived as high-risk for injury. The study employed a qualitative approach using a grounded theory method. Participants included 30 parents and 20 karate coaches from 30 dojos in West Sumatra, Indonesia, focusing on children aged 7–11 years who actively participated in training and competitions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis, and were analyzed using data triangulation. The findings identified five major categories influencing children's involvement in karate: parenting strategies, parental motivations, the role of the dojo community and coaches, management of injury-risk perceptions, and social and environmental support. Supportive parenting practices, educational and long-term developmental motivations, and effective communication with coaches were found to strengthen children's participation. In contrast, negative public perceptions of karate as a violent or physically demanding sport may hinder children's involvement. The resulting theoretical model suggests that children's participation in karate is shaped by the dynamic interaction of internal and external factors, with social support and trust in coaches serving as key mechanisms that reinforce parental commitment.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Aarresola, O., Itkonen, H., & Laine, K. (2017). Young athletes’ significant experiences in sport: critical sociological reflections on athlete development. European Journal for Sport and Society, 14(3), 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2017.1349067
Akbar, A., Karim, Z. A., Guspa, A., Fernandes, R., & Cahyani, F. I. (2024). Football as the Formation of Adolescent Character and Preventive Program to Overcome Juvenile Delinquency : A Perspective from Sport Psychology. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 12(1), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2024.120117
Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Padulo, J., Vella, F. P., Petrucci, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A., & Pepi, A. (2014). Motor and cognitive development: The role of karate. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 4(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2014.4.2.114
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–21.
Cronin, L., Ellison, P., Allen, J., Huntley, E., Johnson, L., Kosteli, M. C., Hollis, A., & Marchant, D. (2022). A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(8), 886–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507
Greco, G., Cataldi, S., & Fischetti, F. (2019). Karate as anti-bullying strategy by improvement resilience and self-efficacy in school-age youth. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(5), 1863–1870. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s5276
Greco, G., & DE RONZI, R. (2020). Effect of karate training on social, emotional, and executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(4), 1637–1645. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.04223
Hadi, R. (2011). Peran Pelatih dalam Membentuk Karakter Atlet. Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia, 1(1), 88–93.
Hampson, R., & Jowett, S. (2014). Effects of coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship on collective efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24(2), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01527.x
Jelita Cahyaningrum, & Sari, Y. P. (2021). Pengaruh Latihan Mental Training Terhadap Prestasi Atlet. EDUKASIMU, 1(3), 1–9.
Kalinina, I., Dyakova, Y., Polovnikova, M., & Kudryashova, Y. (2020). Morphotypological characteristics of primary school children engaged in karate Kyokushin. BIO Web of Conferences, 26, 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600075
Kamionka, A., Lipowska, M., Lizińczyk, S., & Lipowski, M. (2023). The impact of parents’ physical activity goals and parental attitudes on physical activity during leisure time among children in middle childhood. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170413
Kautzner, N., & Junior, M. (2022). Punch And Kick Impact Of The Karate: A Review. Marathon, 14(2), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.24818/mrt.
Leiber, M. J., Mack, K. Y., & Featherstone, R. A. (2009). Family structure, family processes, economic factors, and delinquency: Similarities and differences by race and ethnicity. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7(2), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204008327144
Liu, C., Zhao, F., Nong, S., & Lin, Z. (2024). Being a right parent: a narrative review of the theory and practice of parental involvement in sport parenting. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412708
López de Subijana, C., Martin, L. J., Ramos, J., & Côté, J. (2021). How coach leadership is related to the coach-athlete relationship in elite sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(6), 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211021523
Manninen, M., Dishman, R., Hwang, Y., Magrum, E., Deng, Y., & Yli-Piipari, S. (2022). Self-determination theory based instructional interventions and motivational regulations in organized physical activity: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102248
Newhouse-Bailey, M., Dixon, M. A., & Warner, S. (2015). Sport and Family Functioning: Strengthening Elite Sport Families. Journal of Amateur Sport, 1(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v0i0.4934
Niemistö, D., Finni, T., Cantell, M., Korhonen, E., & Sääkslahti, A. (2020). Individual, family, and environmental correlates of motor competence in young children: Regression model analysis of data obtained from two motor tests. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072548
Ntalachani, K., Dania, A., Karteroliotis, K., & Stavrou, N. (2025). Parental Involvement in Youth Sports: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship. Youth, 5(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5030081
Rakhmawati, R. A., Supriatna, U. Y., & Wardati, M. A. (2019). Studi deskriptif mengenai hardiness pada siswa atlet (Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga (PPLP) Jawa Barat. Prosiding Psikologi, 5(2), 723–729. https://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/17477
Ribeiro, J., Davids, K., Silva, P., Coutinho, P., Barreira, D., & Garganta, J. (2021). Talent Development in Sport Requires Athlete Enrichment: Contemporary Insights from a Nonlinear Pedagogy and the Athletic Skills Model. Sports Medicine, 51(6), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01437-6
Rinaldi, Akbar, A., Rama, A., Dermawan, A., Indrawan, Mahayunan, G. R., & Cahyani, F. I. (2024). Psychological insights into parental guidance for grassroots football players. Retos, 59, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107447
Roşca, V. (2010). The coach-athlete communication process: Towards a better human resources management in sport. Management Research and Practice, 2(3), 275–283.
Rouquette, O. Y., Knight, C. J., Lovett, V. E., & Heuzé, J.-P. (2020). Parent-athlete relationships: A central but underexamined consideration within sport psychology. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 16(2), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2020.16.2.5
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. In American Psychologist (Vol. 55, Issue 1, pp. 68–78). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 2ndedn. In Management Learning (Vol. 31, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507600314007
Susanto, N., Alimuddin, A., & Syafrianto, D. (2019). Manajemen Pembinaan Olahraga Usia Dini Sekolah Sepakbola (SSB) Gadjah Mada (Gama) Yogyakarta. Sporta Saintika, 4(2), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/sporta.v4i2.114
Turman, P. D. (2007). Parental Sport Involvement: Parental Influence to Encourage Young Athlete Continued Sport Participation. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 151–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221602
Vigário, P., Teixeira, A., & Mendes, F. (2020). Coach-athlete dyad: Perception of psychosocial and environmental factors in the relationship - A case study. Retos, 37, 666–672.
Winarni, S. (2011). Pengembangan Karakter Dalam Olahraga dan Pendidikan Jasmani. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 124–139.
Akbar, A., Karim, Z. A., Guspa, A., Fernandes, R., & Cahyani, F. I. (2024). Football as the Formation of Adolescent Character and Preventive Program to Overcome Juvenile Delinquency : A Perspective from Sport Psychology. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 12(1), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2024.120117
Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Padulo, J., Vella, F. P., Petrucci, M., Paoli, A., Palma, A., & Pepi, A. (2014). Motor and cognitive development: The role of karate. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 4(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2014.4.2.114
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–21.
Cronin, L., Ellison, P., Allen, J., Huntley, E., Johnson, L., Kosteli, M. C., Hollis, A., & Marchant, D. (2022). A self-determination theory based investigation of life skills development in youth sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(8), 886–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2028507
Greco, G., Cataldi, S., & Fischetti, F. (2019). Karate as anti-bullying strategy by improvement resilience and self-efficacy in school-age youth. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(5), 1863–1870. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s5276
Greco, G., & DE RONZI, R. (2020). Effect of karate training on social, emotional, and executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(4), 1637–1645. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.04223
Hadi, R. (2011). Peran Pelatih dalam Membentuk Karakter Atlet. Jurnal Media Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia, 1(1), 88–93.
Hampson, R., & Jowett, S. (2014). Effects of coach leadership and coach-athlete relationship on collective efficacy. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24(2), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01527.x
Jelita Cahyaningrum, & Sari, Y. P. (2021). Pengaruh Latihan Mental Training Terhadap Prestasi Atlet. EDUKASIMU, 1(3), 1–9.
Kalinina, I., Dyakova, Y., Polovnikova, M., & Kudryashova, Y. (2020). Morphotypological characteristics of primary school children engaged in karate Kyokushin. BIO Web of Conferences, 26, 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600075
Kamionka, A., Lipowska, M., Lizińczyk, S., & Lipowski, M. (2023). The impact of parents’ physical activity goals and parental attitudes on physical activity during leisure time among children in middle childhood. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170413
Kautzner, N., & Junior, M. (2022). Punch And Kick Impact Of The Karate: A Review. Marathon, 14(2), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.24818/mrt.
Leiber, M. J., Mack, K. Y., & Featherstone, R. A. (2009). Family structure, family processes, economic factors, and delinquency: Similarities and differences by race and ethnicity. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7(2), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204008327144
Liu, C., Zhao, F., Nong, S., & Lin, Z. (2024). Being a right parent: a narrative review of the theory and practice of parental involvement in sport parenting. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412708
López de Subijana, C., Martin, L. J., Ramos, J., & Côté, J. (2021). How coach leadership is related to the coach-athlete relationship in elite sport. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(6), 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211021523
Manninen, M., Dishman, R., Hwang, Y., Magrum, E., Deng, Y., & Yli-Piipari, S. (2022). Self-determination theory based instructional interventions and motivational regulations in organized physical activity: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102248
Newhouse-Bailey, M., Dixon, M. A., & Warner, S. (2015). Sport and Family Functioning: Strengthening Elite Sport Families. Journal of Amateur Sport, 1(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v0i0.4934
Niemistö, D., Finni, T., Cantell, M., Korhonen, E., & Sääkslahti, A. (2020). Individual, family, and environmental correlates of motor competence in young children: Regression model analysis of data obtained from two motor tests. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072548
Ntalachani, K., Dania, A., Karteroliotis, K., & Stavrou, N. (2025). Parental Involvement in Youth Sports: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship. Youth, 5(3), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5030081
Rakhmawati, R. A., Supriatna, U. Y., & Wardati, M. A. (2019). Studi deskriptif mengenai hardiness pada siswa atlet (Pusat Pendidikan dan Latihan Olahraga (PPLP) Jawa Barat. Prosiding Psikologi, 5(2), 723–729. https://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/article/view/17477
Ribeiro, J., Davids, K., Silva, P., Coutinho, P., Barreira, D., & Garganta, J. (2021). Talent Development in Sport Requires Athlete Enrichment: Contemporary Insights from a Nonlinear Pedagogy and the Athletic Skills Model. Sports Medicine, 51(6), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01437-6
Rinaldi, Akbar, A., Rama, A., Dermawan, A., Indrawan, Mahayunan, G. R., & Cahyani, F. I. (2024). Psychological insights into parental guidance for grassroots football players. Retos, 59, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107447
Roşca, V. (2010). The coach-athlete communication process: Towards a better human resources management in sport. Management Research and Practice, 2(3), 275–283.
Rouquette, O. Y., Knight, C. J., Lovett, V. E., & Heuzé, J.-P. (2020). Parent-athlete relationships: A central but underexamined consideration within sport psychology. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review, 16(2), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2020.16.2.5
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. In American Psychologist (Vol. 55, Issue 1, pp. 68–78). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 2ndedn. In Management Learning (Vol. 31, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507600314007
Susanto, N., Alimuddin, A., & Syafrianto, D. (2019). Manajemen Pembinaan Olahraga Usia Dini Sekolah Sepakbola (SSB) Gadjah Mada (Gama) Yogyakarta. Sporta Saintika, 4(2), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.24036/sporta.v4i2.114
Turman, P. D. (2007). Parental Sport Involvement: Parental Influence to Encourage Young Athlete Continued Sport Participation. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 151–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221602
Vigário, P., Teixeira, A., & Mendes, F. (2020). Coach-athlete dyad: Perception of psychosocial and environmental factors in the relationship - A case study. Retos, 37, 666–672.
Winarni, S. (2011). Pengembangan Karakter Dalam Olahraga dan Pendidikan Jasmani. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 124–139.
Published
2025-09-30
Section
Artikel
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
