Overtraining and Non-Contact Injuries Among Adolescent Basketball Players in Indonesia
Keywords:
Overtraining, Non-contact injury, Adolescent athletes, Neuromuscular fatigue, Injury prevention
Abstract
Overtraining and non-contact injuries represent critical issues in the development of adolescent basketball athletes and may compromise long-term performance progression. Overtraining is defined as a maladaptive condition resulting from an imbalance between training load and recovery, whereas non-contact injuries are primarily associated with impaired neuromuscular control and biomechanical risk factors in the absence of external contact. This conceptual article aims to analyze the relationship between overtraining, neuromuscular fatigue, altered movement control, and high-risk biomechanical patterns contributing to non-contact injuries, while outlining practical prevention implications relevant to the Indonesian youth sport context. A narrative review approach was conducted using scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. The findings indicate that high training volume and intensity, early sport specialization, limited program variation, and insufficient load monitoring and recovery strategies contribute substantially to injury risk. The most frequently reported injuries include ankle sprains, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, and hamstring strains. Preventive strategies include structured periodization, developmentally appropriate variation in training, load monitoring using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and systematic recovery education.
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References
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Wiersma, L. D. (2000). Risks and Benefits of Youth Sport Specialization: Perspectives and Recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.1.13
Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Moran, J., Prieske, O., Sammoud, S., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Granacher, U. (2020). Effects of combined strength and plyometric training on physical fitness in youth athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(5), 1-13.
DiFiori, J. P., Benjamin, H. J., Brenner, J. S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G. L., & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
Faigenbaum, A. D., Lloyd, R. S., MacDonald, J., & Myer, G. D. (2016). Citius, Altius, Fortius: Beneficial effects of resistance training for young athletes: Narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094621
Granacher, U., Prieske, O., Majewski, M., Büsch, D., & Muehlbauer, T. (2016). The role of trunk muscle strength for physical fitness and athletic performance in trained individuals. Sports Medicine, 46(3), 401–419.
Granacher, U., Lesinski, M., Büsch, D., Muehlbauer, T., Prieske, O., Puta, C., … Behm, D. G. (2018). Effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and athletic performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(9), 2055–2075.
Hammami, M., Negra, Y., Aouadi, R., & Shephard, R. J. (2019). Effects of an in-season plyometric training program on physical fitness of junior male soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(1), 1-10.
Harris, N. K., Woulfe, C. J., Wood, M. R., Dulson, D. K., Gluchowski, A. K., & Keogh, J. B. (2016). Acute Physiological Responses to Strongman Training Compared to Traditional Strength Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(5), 1397–1408. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001217
Kreher, J. B., & Schwartz, J. B. (2012). Overtraining Syndrome: A Practical Guide. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 4(2), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111434406
Lesinski, M., Prieske, O., & Granacher, U. (2016). Effects and dose–response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(13), 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095497
Lloyd, R. S., & Oliver, J. L. (2012). The Youth Physical Development Model: A New Approach to Long-Term Athletic Development. 34(3).
Magnani Branco, B. H., Carvalho, I. Z., Garcia De Oliveira, H., Fanhani, A. P., Machado Dos Santos, M. C., Pestillo De Oliveira, L., Macente Boni, S., & Nardo, N. (2020). Effects of 2 Types of Resistance Training Models on Obese Adolescents’ Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Physical Fitness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 34(9), 2672–2682. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002877
McLaren, S. J., Macpherson, T. W., Coutts, A. J., Hurst, C., Spears, I. R., & Weston, M. (2018). The Relationships Between Internal and External Measures of Training Load and Intensity in Team Sports: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(3), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0830-z
Myer, G. D., Jayanthi, N., Difiori, J. P., Faigenbaum, A. D., Kiefer, A. W., Logerstedt, D., & Micheli, L. J. (2015). Sport Specialization, Part I: Does Early Sports Specialization Increase Negative Outcomes and Reduce the Opportunity for Success in Young Athletes? Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 7(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115598747
Oliver, J. L., Ramachandran, A. K., Singh, U., Ramirez-Campillo, R., & Lloyd, R. S. (2024). The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 54(3), 623–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8
Peña-González, I., Moya-Ramón, M., Sarmento, H., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Effects of core training on athletic performance in youth athletes: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9628.
Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., Behm, D. G., García-Hermoso, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2018). Methodological characteristics and future directions for plyometric training research: A scoping review. Sports Medicine, 48(5), 1059–1081.
Russell, M., Birch, J., Love, T., Cook, C. J., Bracken, R. M., Taylor, T., Swift, E., Cockburn, E., Finn, C., Cunningham, D., Wilson, L., & Kilduff, L. P. (2017). The Effects of a Single Whole-Body Cryotherapy Exposure on Physiological, Performance, and Perceptual Responses of Professional Academy Soccer Players After Repeated Sprint Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(2), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001505
Soligard, T., Schwellnus, M., Alonso, J.-M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Janse Van Rensburg, C., Khan, K. M., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2016). How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1030–1041. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096581
Sugimoto, D., Myer, G. D., Barber Foss, K. D., & Hewett, T. E. (2015). Specific exercise effects of preventive neuromuscular training intervention on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction in young females: Meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(5), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093461
Vanrenterghem, J., Nedergaard, N. J., Robinson, M. A., & Drust, B. (2017). Training Load Monitoring in Team Sports: A Novel Framework Separating Physiological and Biomechanical Load-Adaptation Pathways. Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2135–2142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0714-2
Wiersma, L. D. (2000). Risks and Benefits of Youth Sport Specialization: Perspectives and Recommendations. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.12.1.13
Published
2026-03-31
Section
Artikel
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