Challenges and Opportunities of Outdoor Play Activities on Early Childhood Motor Competence: A Bibliometric Analysis
Keywords:
Play Activities, children, motor skills, outdoor, Trends
Abstract
Research on outdoor play activities (OPA) and early childhood motor skills has received considerable attention due to its significant role in supporting children's physical, cognitive, and social development. However, the global literature has not been comprehensively mapped over a long period. This study aims to analyze the trends, structure, and dynamics of OPA research during the period 2006–2026. The study uses a bibliometric approach. Data were obtained from the Scopus database, consisting of 211 systematically selected publications, and then analyzed using VOSviewer software through visualization of collaboration networks, co-citations, and keyword co-occurrences. The study findings indicate that the highest number of publications in 2021 was 25, with a significant increasing trend since 2018. Dominant keywords include children, motor skills, physical activity, and outdoor play, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of health, education, and the environment. Influential authors and publications have largely focused on the importance of social and environmental factors on children's physical activity (Brown et al., 2009, Xue et al., 2007, and Boldemann et al., 2006). Research collaboration is strongest in developed countries such as the United States, Australia, and Canada, while contributions from developing countries remain limited. This study demonstrates that OPA has evolved into a multidisciplinary field that supports holistic child development. In practice, stronger global collaboration can be achieved through international research partnerships and shared data platforms, while local exploration should involve culturally relevant play programs and community-based interventions, particularly in developing countries, to generate context-specific evidence and inform education and health policy.
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References
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Beyer, K. M. M., Szabo, A., Hoormann, K., & Stolley, M. (2018). Time spent outdoors, activity levels, and chronic disease among American adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 41(4), 494–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10865-018-9911-1
Biernat, E., & Piątkowska, M. (2025). Outdoor Physical Activity in the Service of Sustainable Development and One Health: The Role of Physical Activity in Shaping Pro-Social and Pro-Environmental Attitudes. Sustainability 2025, Vol. 17, 17(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU17156926
Binns, H. J., Forman, J. A., Karr, C. J., Osterhoudt, K., Paulson, J. A., Roberts, J. R., Sandel, M. T., Seltzer, J. M., Wright, R. O., Kim, J. J., Blackburn, E., Anderson, M., Savage, S., Rogan, W. J., Jackson, R. J., Tester, J. M., & Spire, P. (2009). The Built Environment: Designing Communities to Promote Physical Activity in Children. Pediatrics, 123(6), 1591–1598. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2009-0750
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Craig, D., Trina, N. A., Monsur, M., Haque, U. T., Farrow, G., Hasan, M. Z., Tasnim, F., & Akinbobola, M. S. (2024). Effective Nature-Based Outdoor Play and Learning Environments for below-3 Children: A Literature-Based Summary. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(9), 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH21091247
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Dewi, P. S., Widodo, A., Rochintaniawati, D., & Prima, E. C. (2021). Web-Based Inquiry in Science Learning: Bibliometric Analysis. Indonesian Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 4(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.24042/ijsme.v4i2.9576
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2021.04.070
Drapeau, C., Lenze, L., Montiel, C., Gallant, F., Bélanger, M., & Doré, I. (2025). Association between outdoor physical activity and positive mental health in adolescence: estimating the mediation effect of autonomy, competence and relatedness. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 22(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12966-025-01847-Z
Ersozlu, Z., & Karakus, M. (2019). Mathematics Anxiety: Mapping the Literature by Bibliometric Analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(2), em1673. https://doi.org/10.29333/EJMSTE/102441
Garfield, E. (2009). From the science of science to Scientometrics visualizing the history of science with HistCite software. Journal of Informetrics, 3(3), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOI.2009.03.009
Gray, C., Gibbons, R., Larouche, R., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Brussoni, M., Chabot, G., Herrington, S., Janssen, I., Pickett, W., Power, M., Stanger, N., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2015). What is the relationship between outdoor time and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness in children? A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6455–6474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606455
Gray, T., Down, M. J. A., Mann, J., Barnes, J., Sturges, M., Eager, D., Pigott, F., Harper, A., Hespos, S., Miller, R. M., & Reis, A. (2025). Risky Outdoor Play and Adventure Education in Nature for Child and Adolescent Wellbeing: A Scoping Review. Behavioral Sciences, 16(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/BS16010005/S1
Guleria, D., & Kaur, G. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of ecopreneurship using VOSviewer and RStudio Bibliometrix, 1989–2019. Library Hi Tech, 39(4), 1001–1024. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-09-2020-0218/FULL/XML
Hannon, J. C., & Brown, B. B. (2008). Increasing preschoolers’ physical activity intensities: An activity-friendly preschool playground intervention. Preventive Medicine, 46(6), 532–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.YPMED.2008.01.006
Huang, T., Zhong, W., Lu, C., Zhang, C., Deng, Z., Zhou, R., Zhao, Z., & Luo, X. (2022). Visualized Analysis of Global Studies on Cervical Spondylosis Surgery: A Bibliometric Study Based on Web of Science Database and VOSviewer. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics, 56(6), 996–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/S43465-021-00581-5,
Kimbro, R. T., Brooks-Gunn, J., & McLanahan, S. (2011). Young children in urban areas: Links among neighborhood characteristics, weight status, outdoor play, and television watching. Social Science & Medicine, 72(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOCSCIMED.2010.12.015
Kondo, M. C., Oyekanmi, K. O., Gibson, A., South, E. C., Bocarro, J., & Hipp, J. A. (2020). Nature Prescriptions for Health: A Review of Evidence and Research Opportunities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, Vol. 17, 17(12), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17124213
Lee, C. I. S. G., Felps, W., & Baruch, Y. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of career studies through bibliometric visualization. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JVB.2014.08.008
Lee, R. L. T., Lane, S. J., Tang, A. C. Y., Leung, C., Louie, L. H. T., Browne, G., & Chan, S. W. C. (2020). Effects of an Unstructured Free Play and Mindfulness Intervention on Wellbeing in Kindergarten Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17155382
Loebach, J., Sanches, M., Jaffe, J., & Elton-Marshall, T. (2021). Paving the way for outdoor play: Examining socio-environmental barriers to community-based outdoor play. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH18073617/S1
Orduña-Malea, E., & Costas, R. (2021). Link-based approach to study scientific software usage: the case of VOSviewer. Scientometrics, 126(9), 8153–8186. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11192-021-04082-Y/TABLES/11
Oyewola, D. O., & Dada, E. G. (2022). Exploring machine learning: a scientometrics approach using bibliometrix and VOSviewer. SN Applied Sciences, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/S42452-022-05027-7
Pawlowski, C. S., Madsen, C. D., Toftager, M., Amholt, T. T., & Schipperijn, J. (2023). The role of playgrounds in the development of children’s fundamental movement skills: A scoping review. PLOS ONE, 18(12), e0294296. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0294296
Pesce, C., Masci, I., Marchetti, R., Vazou, S., Sääkslahti, A., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2016). Deliberate play and preparation jointly benefit motor and cognitive development: Mediated and moderated effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAR), 175175. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2016.00349/TEXT
Poulsen, A. A., Ziviani, J. M., Cuskelly, M., & Smith, R. (2007). Boys With Developmental Coordination Disorder: Loneliness and Team Sports Participation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.5014/AJOT.61.4.451
Ramsden, R., Han, C. S., Mount, D., Loebach, J., Cox, A., Herrington, S., Bundy, A., Fyfe-Johnson, A., Sandseter, E. B. H., Stone, M., Tremblay, M. S., & Brussoni, M. (2022). An Intervention to Increase Outdoor Play in Early Childhood Education Centers (PROmoting Early Childhood Outside): Protocol for a Pilot Wait-list Control Cluster Randomized Trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 11(7), e38365. https://doi.org/10.2196/38365
Ramsden, R., Pike, I., Thorne, S., & Brussoni, M. (2025). Children’s outdoor play at early learning and child care centres: Examining the impact of environmental play features on children’s play behaviour. PLOS One, 20(12), e0318538. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0318538
Rariden, C., & Kuhn, A. (2024). An Introduction to Nature Prescribing: Health Benefits of Nature. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 20(10), 105161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NURPRA.2024.105161
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2025-09-30
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